Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation

Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation

Breast is a typical female sexual physiologic organ that is influenced by steroid hormone from menarche until menopause. Therefore various diseases can be developed by continuous action of estrogen and progesterone. Breast diseases are mainly categorized as benign and malignant. It is very important to distinguish the malignancy from breast diseases. However, it is very difficult to diagnose ma...

The breast during pregnancy and lactation

Ultrasound findings of the physiological changes and most common breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation*

Because of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, diagnostic ultrasound of the breast during these periods is a challenge for physicians. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of imaging, anatomy, and physiology of the breast is important to effectively diagnosing diseases that can arise in women who are pregnancy or lactating. The aim of this article was to rev...

Carcinoma breast in pregnancy and lactation

Breast carcinoma is the most common malignancy associated with pregnancy. The incidence is low but increasing due to increasing number of late pregnancies. Symptoms and signs of the disease may be overlooked, resulting in delays in treatment and potentially compromising survival. For this reason, it is imperative that physicians perform careful clinical breast examinations in all pregnant patie...

Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation.

Significant calcium transfer from the mother to the fetus and infant occurs during pregnancy and lactation, theoretically placing the mother at an increased risk for osteoporosis later in life. During pregnancy, intestinal calcium absorption increases to meet much of the fetal calcium needs. Maternal bone loss also may occur in the last months of pregnancy, a time when the fetal skeleton is rap...